A Study of the Low-Lying Excited Levels in the Even Lead Isotopes

Abstract

<p> In recent years, a number of qualitative calculations of various nuclear properties have been undertaken based on a "pairing-plus-quadrupole" force model. The present work involves an extension of the techniques associated with this model and is an investigation of the extent to which it can quantitatively predict properties of the low-lying levels of spherical even-even nuclei.</p> <p> As a particular application, the energies of several of the low-lying levels and the reduced transition probabilities for the first 2+ levels are calculated for the even isotopes of lead.</p> <p> These calculations show in a natural way how collective levels arise, and help to clarify the nature both of these and of the non-collective levels.</p>