Classification, Zoogeography, and Phylogeny of the Genus Sinophorus Foerster (Hymenoptera: ichneumonidae)

Abstract

<p>The world species of the genus Sinophorus Foerster (Porizontinae=Campopleginae) are revised. One hundred and three species and 5 subspecies are recognized. Eighty species and 5 subspecies are described as new: albipalpus, alpinus, androsae, anisodontis, apiculus, armillatus, betulellae, bilimbus, boreus, brevistyIus, brochus (b. brochus, b. brevipilus), brunnefemur, columbiensis, constrictus, cotidianus, curvatus, dilatus, erectus, falcatus, graeciensis, halli, heliothae, hydriae, idahoensis, inclivous, indistinctus, infimus, inflatus, japonicus, kasparyani, lanceolatus, latifossus, leptofemur, longifacies, masoni, megadontis, minutus, moroccoensis, neofurus, neoprocerus, nigricoxa, nigridontis, obtusus, orientis (o. euronotis, o. occidentalis, o. orientis), pallidus, pectinatus, peteri, petiolus, planus, platyfacies, poropleuron, porosus, prismatis, procerus, punctatus, punctifrons, rhyacioniae, robustus, rotundus, ruficoxa, rufitergum, rugosus, sabulum, sapporoensis, sarissophorus, splendidus, sticticalae, striatus, tahoensis, tibialis, townesorum, triangularis, tumidus, variabilis, varianae, ventosus, vericulus, villosus, woodorum, xanthocoxa. Twenty-three species are re-described: albidus (Gmelin), canadensis (Viereck), caradrinae (Viereck), costalis (Thomson), desertus Kasparyan, eruficinctus (Walkley), exartemae (Uchida), furus (Cresson), fuscicarpus (Thomson), geniculatus (Gravenhorst), juniperinus (Holmgren), montanus (Cresson), nigritellus (Thomson), nitidus (Brischke), pleuralis (Thomson), popofensis (Ashmead), relativus (Viereck), renominatus (Morley), sulcatellus (Viereck), turionus (Ratzeburg), validus (Cresson), xanthostomus (Gravenhorst). Two lectotype designations were made: pleuralis (Thomson), quettaensis (Cameron) (=nitidus (Brischke)). Three species were removed from synonymy and recognized as valid species: canadensis (Viereck) and montanus (Cresson) from validus (Cresson); renominatus (Morley) from turionus (Ratzeburg). One new combination was created: relativus (Viereck) from Campoplex. Seven names were pIaced in synonymy: albicinctus (Viereck), quettaensis (Cameron) and tegularis (Thomson) = nitidus (Brischke); alkae (Ellinger and Sachtleben) and rufifemur (Thomson) = turionus (Ratzeburg); juniperinus alpinator Aubert = juniperinus (Holmgren); pineticola (Thomson) = xanthostomus (Gravenhorst). The limits of the genus Sinophorus are defined. Keys to the world species, females and males, of Sinophorus are presented. Zoogeography, phylogeny and biology of Sinophorus are discussed. Taxonomic characters used to separate spp. of Sinophorus are illustrated by means of line drawings and scanning electron micrography and distribution maps are provided for each species.</p>