SECTUALLY TRANSMITTED DEMONS: CATEGORIZING THE APOTROPAIC DEAD SEA SCROLLS

Abstract

Apotropaism is a word used to describe a number of texts from the Dead Sea Scrolls that are meant to deal with the problem of evil, especially the demonic. Yet, scholars of Early Judaism have labeled some texts as apotropaic while others have described them as exorcistic. Drawing on the criteria of proximity and time suggested by Philip S. Alexander, this dissertation argues the following points: 1) That the difference between an apotropaic ritual and an exorcistic ritual is the proximity of evil to the human being and the expected temporal efficacy of the ritual. By closely examining the language of each individual text, evidence suggests that such delineations can be based on these two criteria; 2) That some texts that have otherwise been neglected in the study of apotropaism at Qumran may be part of this group of protective rituals; 3) That there is a difference between works concerned primarily with protection from evil spirits (anti-demonic) and those concerned with Sin (anti-peccable); 4) That a number of shared elements within the apotropaic texts at Qumran emphasize themes such as covenant faithfulness, obedience, predestination, among others.