Using Digital Spectroscopy in the X-Ray Fluorescence Measurement of Lead and Mercury

Abstract

<p> X-ray fluorescence has been used to measure levels of lead in the bone for many years. This technique is particularly important for the occupational monitoring of those exposed to lead in the workplace as it provides an indication of long term exposure and retention in the body. The measurement of kidney mercury by x-ray fluorescence has been developed recently and is currently being improved for future use in occupational monitoring.</p> <p> X-ray fluorescence detection systems conventionally employ analog-amplifier components. Recently, digital spectrometers have been developed which can replace these conventional electronics components. The digital systems offer higher throughput without major losses in resolution which translates to better precision and reduced detection limits for x-ray fluorescence measurements.</p> <p> Investigations using the DSPECplus and DSA-2000 digital spectrometers for the measurement of bone lead in phantoms showed significant improvements in precision and potential reductions in MDL compared to conventional electronics. The use of the DSA-2000 digital spectrometer in a bone lead survey was shown to improve measurement uncertainties for in vivo bone lead measurements. Investigations using the DSA-2000 for the XRF measurement of kidney mercury in phantoms also showed a significant reduction in MDL for this system by the introduction of digital spectroscopy.</p>