Complex network theoretical approach to investigate the interdependence between factors affecting subsurface radionuclide migration

Abstract

Mining of uranium ore and its extraction using the milling process generates solid and liquid waste, commonly termed uranium mine tailings. Uranium mine tailings is radioactive, as it consists of residual uranium, thorium, and radium, which amounts to 85% of the original ore’s radioactivity. Due to the extensively long half-lives of uranium (4.5x109 years), thorium (75,400 years), and radium (1,620 years) and their harmful radioactive, it is imperative to isolate uranium mine tailings from the environment for a longer period. Containment of uranium mine tailings in dam-like structures, called uranium mine tailings dam (UMTD), is the most followed disposal and storage method. Like a conventional water retention dam, UMTDs are also susceptible to failure, mainly due to adverse weather conditions. Once the UMTD fails, a fraction of the radioactive tailings infiltrates and migrate through the vadose zone contaminating the groundwater sources underlying it. Radionuclide behavior and migration in the subsurface are affected by several environmental factors. To minimize the uncertainty and improve current radionuclide fate and transport models, it is vital to study these factors and any interdependence existing between them. This study aims to understand these environmental factors by i) enlisting the factors affecting subsurface radionuclide migration through scoping review of articles and reports, and ii) analyzing the interdependence existing between the factors using the complex network theory (CNT) approach and identifying the dominant factors among them. Factors such as chemical and biological characteristics of soil stratigraphy, groundwater, and radioactive tailings plume, meteorological, and hydrogeological are found to influence radionuclide behavior and transport mechanisms in the vadose zone. CNT approach described soil microorganisms, fraction of organic carbon, infiltration rate of the soil, transmissivity, clay fraction in the soil, particulates in groundwater, and infiltrating rainwater as dominant factors in the NoF based on their centrality measures and sensitivity analysis of the network of factors (NoF). Any uncertainty associated with these factors will affect and propagate through the model. Hence, sufficient resources should be directed in the future to characterize these factors and minimize their uncertainty, which will lead to developing reliable fate and transport models for radionuclides.