Simulation of III-V Nanowires for Infrared Photodetection

Abstract

The absorptance in vertical nanowire (nw) arrays is typically dominated by three optical phenomena: radial mode resonances, near-field evanescent wave coupling, and Fabry–Perot (F-P) mode resonances. The contribution of these optical phenomena to GaAs, InP and InAs nw absorptance was simulated using the finite element method. The study compared the absorptance between finite and semi-infinite nws with varying geometrical parameters, including the nw diameter (D), array period (P), and nw length (L). Simulation results showed that the resonance peak wavelength of the HE1n radial modes linearly red-shifted with increasing D. The absorptance and spectral width of the resonance peaks increased as L increased, with an absorptance plateau for very long nws that depended on D and P. Near-field coupling between neighbouring nanowires (nws) was observed to increase with increasing diameter to period ratio (D/P). The effect of F-P modes was more pronounced for shorter nws and weakly coupled light. Based on the collective observation of the correlation between nw geometry and optical phenomena in GaAs, InP, and InAs nw arrays, a periodic array of vertical InSb nws was designed for photodetectors in the low-atmospheric absorption window (λ = 3-5 μm) within the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) spectrum (λ = 3-8 μm). Simulations, using the finite element method, were implemented to optimize the nw array geometrical parameters (D, P, and L) for high optical absorptance (~0.8), which exceeded that of a thin film of equal thickness. The results further showed that the HE1n resonance wavelengths in InSb nw arrays can be tuned by adjusting D and P, thus enabling multispectral absorption throughout the near infrared (NIR) to MWIR region. Optical absorptance was investigated for a practical photodetector consisting of a vertical InSb nw array embedded in bisbenzocyclobutene (BCB) as a support layer for an ultrathin Ni contact layer. Polarization sensitivity of the photodetector was examined. Lastly, how light flux enters the nw top and sidewalls on HE11 resonance was investigated.