The Effect of Low Temperature on the Physico-Chemical Treatment of Domestic Wastewater

Abstract

<p> The effect of low temperature on the physico-chemical treatment (PCT) of domestic wastewater is examined with special emphasis placed on activated carbon adsorption. PCT is a recent processing scheme, wherein wastewater goes through sedimentation, precipitation, deep bed filtration and adsorption. In PCT, activated carbon adsorption takes the place of conventional biological treatment for organic removal.</p> <p> Both batch studies using powdered activated carbon (PAC) and continuous flow studies with granular activated carbon (GAC) on a pure compound, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and domestic wastewater from the Dundas, Ontario Water Pollution Control Plant were investigated.</p> <p> Theoretical analysis and batch feasibility studies indicate that the effect of low temperature on coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation were quite easily handled within established design parameters. Batch studies on PAC treatment show that the carbon floc is easily separable from wastewater with the aid of a small dosage of polyelectrolyte and high effluent quality is obtainable at temperatures ranging from 2° - 25°C.</p> <p> Granular activated carbon was evaluated first on a pure compound, SDS. Batch isotherms and kinetics were also conducted at the same time to determine parameters needed for continuous flow modelling. Results derived from this phase of the study indicate that the activation energy from column studies is quite low (approximately 3.0 kcal/mole). Close match is obtained between the theoretical model (a modification of Thomas' reaction kinetics) and experimental data.</p> <p> Finally PCT pilot plant studies on domestic wastewater were carried out, at 5°C and 25°C. Soluble organic carbon removal was in excess of that predicted by purely adsorption type phenomenon. This is attributed to microbial activity inside the carbon columns. Greater soluble organic removal was seen at 25°C than at 5°C. Denitrification inside the carbon columns was found to be quite significant, again with stronger denitrifying activity at 25°C than at 5°C. Microbiological investigation of the carbon from the exhausted columns revealed over 10^9 cells/cm^3) of GAC bed volume from the lead column at 25°C. Denitrifiers were also detected in the carbon. Iodine numbers were determined on used carbon, which indicated the exhaustion of activated carbon capacity. Organic removal, however, continued undiminished, due to bacterial activity.</p> <p> The study culminated with the development of a theoretical model incorporating bacterial activity. The results of column effluent profile, however, indicated great discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental observations. This was attributed to simplistic assumptions utilized in solving the fixed bed problem.</p>