About MacSphere

MacSphere is McMaster University's Institutional Repository. MacSphere brings together the institution's scholarly works under one umbrella to preserve and provide ongoing open access to them. MacSphere works have been selected and deposited by members of the McMaster community as part of our collective committment to sharing our knowledge with the world.

MacSphere is supported and hosted by the McMaster University Libraries.

To contribute, sign on to MacSphere with your McMaster Account. If you have any questions, refer to the user guide or contact the MacSphere Support Team for assistance.

Students wishing to deposit their PhD or Masters thesis, please follow the instructions outlined by the School of Graduate Studies.

Communities in MacSphere

Select a community to browse its collections.

Now showing 1 - 5 of 7

Recent Submissions

Does Methadone Cause QT Interval Prolongation-Related Major Adverse Cardiac Events? A Systematic Review Protocol.
(2025) Ashe, Yaseem; Holbrook, Anne
Methadone is a long-acting synthetic opioid drug that has been used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) for decades [1]. Previous evidence from Cochrane reviews has shown Methadone to be the gold standard for OUD management [2]. It is meant to replace ‘street opioids’ as a form of safe supply but also as a maintenance drug that can be slowly tapered over time [3]. In Canada and the United States, methadone remains one of the most commonly utilized medications for substance use disorder. Currently, more than 400,000 people in the United States access methadone maintenance therapy, a small fraction of those who would be eligible, compared to approximately 75,000 people in Canada [4,5]. The QT interval reflects electrical depolarization and repolarization of both ventricles of the heart on an electrocardiogram [6]. Methadone has been classified by CredibleMeds as a medication with a “known” risk of QT interval prolongation (QTP) [7]. Excessive prolongation of the QT interval predisposes patients to ventricular arrhythmia including torsades de pointes (TdP), and sudden cardiac death [7]. Based on FDA recommendations, we have defined QT-prolongation-related major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as all-death, non-fatal cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and TdP), syncope, or seizure [8,9]. Interruptive warnings about the QT-prolonging effect of ‘known’ QT-prolonging medications in electronic medical records and pharmacy systems are ubiquitous in most developed countries [10]. A landmark systematic review on the effect of computerized decision support including medication decision support, showed no meaningful benefit on patient outcomes [11]. Meanwhile every time a QT- prolonging medication such as methadone is prescribed or dispensed, an interruptive alert is posted to the providers about the risk of MACE. There is a very high override rate of these alerts because of lack of high-quality evidence supporting the alert and lack of incorporation of patient-specific information including the QTc [12]. Medication alerts have also been harmful in some instances, leading to inferior substitution prescribing and more broadly producing a time and decisional conflict burden for providers [10]. Our research group has been systematically reviewing the high-quality evidence on commonly used medications listed as ‘known’ QT-prolonging drugs [8,13-16]. None of these so far has demonstrated an increased risk of MACE compared to placebo. Given the expanding use of methadone in recent years in a population thought to be vulnerable to adverse health outcomes and with limited access to formal health care, the cardiac safety profile of this medication is a concern for clinicians, policymakers, and patients alike. The true incidence of QTP-related major adverse cardiac events (MACE) caused by methadone is unknown. A preliminary search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE and Embase to identify any recent systematic reviews or studies addressing our research question. The search yielded over 1,000 records, of which only one appeared potentially comparable. However, this publication is an older narrative review on mechanisms and clinical outcomes and includes all study designs so does not answer our research question [17]. Consequently, there appears to be a notable gap in the current evidence base, supporting the need for the present systematic review to address this underexplored area.
Steel City: An Analysis of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Respiratory Health in Hamilton, Ontario
(2025) Boorman, Charlotte
When understanding population health, especially in the context of pandemics, considering social, environmental, and biological implications is crucial to gain holistic perspectives. Factors such as exposure rates and susceptibility, which can be influenced by one’s social and physical environment, play a key role in health and pandemic variation among populations. This research aims to understand such varying pandemic experiences across city wards regarding the 1918 influenza pandemic in Hamilton, Ontario. Through exploring the influence of air pollution on health, a continuous issue faced by the Industrial Sector, this research investigates the environments of those living in Hamilton particularly during the pandemic, and asks: were people living in the Industrial Sector more likely to die of respiratory complications during the 1918 influenza? This study was conducted through the collection and analysis of approximately 20% of death certificates from a non-pandemic (1916) and a pandemic (1918) year. Supplementary sources such as archival records and available literature were also used to examine a potential link between poor respiratory health and mortality within the Industrial Sector during the pandemic. Social influences such as socioeconomic status, housing quality, and lifestyle, along with environmental and biological aspects such as the immunological effects of prolonged exposure to particulate matter (PM), were among the main factors analysed. This research holds potential for future studies surrounding historical and contemporary health regarding Hamilton’s Industrial Sector. This study indicates patterns of mortality across the city’s wards during the early 1900s and provides insight into determinants of health as linked to social, environmental, and biological influences. Events such as the 1918 influenza help to reveal such patterns in a population, and are valuable when analysing population health.
Automated tools for analyzing uncertainty in nonlinear dynamic chemical process models
(2026) Zhang, Yulan; Khan, Kamil; Chemical Engineering
Nonlinear dynamic chemical processes are inherently subject to uncertainty, such as fluctuations in market conditions or changes in operating conditions, creating significant challenges for modeling, optimization, and control in applications such as petroleum recovery, chemical supply chains, and gas separation. Such uncertainty can lower production efficiency and therefore degrade economic performance. This thesis presents automated computational tools that were developed to address these challenges in two ways: through an adjoint subgradient evaluation method for global dynamic optimization problems, which quantifies how uncertainty in model parameters propagates to objective values, and through the optimization of operating schedules for a novel heavy oil recovery process under uncertain future conditions. Nonconvex dynamic optimization problems emerge in several engineering applications, such as global optimal control, parameter estimation, and safety verification. Such problems are often represented as nonlinear optimization problems with embedded parametric ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Typically, deterministic methods for global optimization employ subgradients of convex relaxations, to construct lower bounds that provide crucial global intuition. Recent results show that subgradients in dynamic optimization problems may be obtained by adapting standard forward or adjoint sensitivity approaches for smooth problems; the adjoint approach ought to be computationally favorable except for small problems. However, established adjoint implementations are incompatible with established software libraries for subgradient evaluation. To address this gap, the first-ever automated proof-of-concept implementation of adjoint subgradient evaluation is developed in C++, nontrivially adapting the convexification package MC++, the ODE solver CVODES, and new differentiation and code generation tools. Within this framework, the adjoint sensitivity system can be constructed with either the forward or reverse modes of subgradient automatic differentiation (AD), adapting recent subgradient propagation approaches. The implementation produces numerical subgradients that agree with finite difference estimates in several case studies, and remains reliable in cases where finite difference estimates fail. Next, Imperial Oil's Cyclic Solvent Process (CSP) is a solvent-based technology developed as a lower-emission alternative to steam-based approaches. It alternates between injecting a liquid solvent into an underground heavy oil reservoir through a horizontal well to mobilize the oil and producing a mixture of heavy oil and solvent. To meet economic expectations, CSP optimization requires a comprehensive representation of operational characteristics and a well-defined economic model. This thesis develops advanced optimization frameworks for commercial-scale CSP deployment, ultimately enabling robust economic decision-making under uncertainty. From Imperial Oil, we are provided with simulation-based injection and production data for one nominal well, and the problem considered in this thesis is to schedule the centralized operation of many such wells under various constraints on flow and capacity. Because the centralized resources are limited, wells cannot follow their nominal schedules, and cycle start times may be delayed while production stages may be shortened (“short-cycling”) or lengthened (“long-cycling”). Short-cycling is modeled by truncating the nominal simulation data and optionally boosting the productivity of the next cycle, while long-cycling is modeled by extending production beyond the nominal duration using an exponential decline model fitted to the available data. Firstly, a new comprehensive mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) process model is developed, capturing all key operational features and economic objectives of commercial CSP operation. This optimization framework addresses the modeling complexities associated with nonlinear CSP operating behavior while retaining the MILP structure for scalability. A novel decomposition approximation method and several implementation considerations are employed to further improve computational performance. To enable more flexible decision-making, a two-stage optimization framework is proposed, where a derivative‐free optimization (DFO) algorithm serves as the primary optimizer while the MILP model functions as a subproblem. An end-to-end Python implementation of this framework was developed, and several recent DFO methods were successfully integrated into this implementation. In addition to conventional DFO methods, a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is tailored as an unconventional DFO optimizer. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in maximizing economic performance with reasonable computational effort. Secondly, a two-stage stochastic optimization framework is proposed to address different sources of uncertainty involved in the CSP operation. Given the computational intractability of solving a large-scale stochastic model directly, and the fact that existing decomposition methods are incompatible with the structure of the proposed formulation, a new tailored decomposition strategy is developed that integrates DFO with MILP solvers, where this integration is specifically designed for two-stage stochastic structure to efficiently coordinate first-stage scheduling decisions with second-stage scenario evaluations. Furthermore, an end-to-end Python implementation is constructed, including data preprocessing, modeling, optimization, and numerical and visual result generation. A case study is presented using this automated implementation. Lastly, advanced machine learning techniques are explored to extend CSP optimization to settings where uncertainty evolves and decisions must adapt as new information arrives. With limited results obtained from a neural network surrogate that learns the input-output mapping of the MILP subproblems in the two-stage stochastic formulation, the focus shifts to reinforcement learning, given its capability to handle sequential decision-making in complex environments. The CSP optimization problem is translated into a semi-Markov Decision Process and multi-agent formulation, which is solved using Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization (MAPPO). To enforce technical requirements during operation, a linear program (LP)-amended reward function is developed. An end-to-end PyTorch implementation is evaluated on two CSP case studies. The results confirm the effectiveness and stable performance of the proposed RL-based CSP optimization framework. Although future work may help to further improve training efficiency, this framework provides a promising and flexible foundation for exploring alternative RL algorithms and advancing data-driven CSP optimization.
Examining the Effectiveness of Municipal Accessibility Advisory Committees in Ontario
(2026-03) Cortez, Melissa; Pi, Ruoyan; Rubbani, Haniya; Kakarelis, Grace; Sim, Natalene; Gravely, Evan
Municipal Accessibility Advisory Committees (MAACs) have been established in major cities across Ontario to increase accountability during policy-making and advocate for accessibility measures that not only meet, but exceed the guidelines set by the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA). Recent resignations from members of multiple MAACs and repeated instances of MAAC recommendations being omitted from policy outcomes have raised concerns around whether MAACs are being appropriately represented in the policy-making process in cities across Ontario or if their role has been reduced to a checkbox compliance measure. This project aims to explore the practical decision-making outcomes of MAACs, in order to determine their effectiveness as an accountability measure for improving accessibility in Ontario municipalities.
DEVELOPMENT OF QUINONE-POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR AQUEOUS RECHARGEABLE ZINC-ION BATTERIES
(2026) Ibarra Espinoza, Alejandra; Higgins, Drew; Chemical Engineering
The ongoing acceleration of climate change experienced over recent years, driven by increased greenhouse gas emissions, has motivated the development of sustainable energy technologies. The power sector, currently responsible for approximately 40% of the global emissions, needs to undergo a decarbonization process to reduce global emissions. While renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, are increasing their integration into the grid, they depend on variable climate conditions. Consequently, they necessitate the development of stationary energy storage systems for mitigating the intraday fluctuations of power production. For this purpose, aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries are an attractive option due to the safety of their aqueous electrolyte and the abundance of non-toxic zinc. Regardless of the extensive research around zinc-ion batteries, they still face technological challenges, particularly in the development of high-performing cathode materials. This thesis addresses this challenge through the investigation of the performance and working mechanisms of organic cathode materials within zinc-ion batteries. The research here developed identified three organic materials with theoretical capacities above 170 mAh/g, which were reached during the initial cycles of battery cycling. Additionally, one material tested in this work exhibited an enhanced capacity retention compared to other cathode materials, reaching a high value of 83% after 100 cycles, and ex-situ characterization showed the reversible intercalation of ions in its crystal structure. This work contributes to enhancing the performance and reliability of zinc-ion batteries for stationary energy storage applications. Furthermore, the scientific insights generated in this work contribute to the ongoing scientific questions regarding the energy storage mechanisms of organic cathode materials and their degradation processes.

About MacSphere

Discover

Communities in MacSphere

Recent Submissions